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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for police response
34 results foundAuthor: Dedel, Kelly Title: Sexual Assault of Women by Strangers Summary: This guide begins by describing the problem of sexual assault of women by strangers and reviewing factors that increase its risks. It then lists a series of questions to help you analyze your local sexual assault problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem and what is known about them from evaluative research and police practice. Sexual assault of women by strangers is but one aspect of the larger set of sexual violence related problems. This guide is limited to addressing the particular harms sexual assaults by strangers cause women. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2011. 64p. Source: Problem-Specific Guides Series, Problem-Oriented Guides for Police No. 62, Internet Resource: Accessed on February 3, 2012 at http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/sex_assault_women.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/sex_assault_women.pdf Shelf Number: 123925 Keywords: Community Oriented PolicingFemale VictimsPolice ResponseSexual Assault |
Author: Smith, Robert Title: Tackling Youth Gangs Issues on Campus - A Case Study Summary: Youth gang crime is a topical and pervasive issue in contemporary Scotland. It is normally considered to be an urban street problem and seldom is the phenomenon framed in an educational context. This practice note discusses how one of Scotland’s longest serving campus officers dealt with youth gang issues on campus at a Secondary School in West Central Scotland. In the first part of the note, we provide some theoretical underpinnings to explain the importance of this policing approach. In the second part we present a case study which describes the effectiveness of some very practical policing strategies and why they proved to be so. Part three identifies key factors and draws conclusions. Details: Dundee, Scotland: Scottish Institute for Policing Research, 2011. 9p. Source: SIPR Practice Notes No. 1: Internet Resource: Accessed February 4, 2012 at http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/Practice_Notes/Campus_Officer_1.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/Practice_Notes/Campus_Officer_1.pdf Shelf Number: 123969 Keywords: Police ResponseSchool CrimeYouth Gangs (Scotland) |
Author: Davies, Molly Title: Law Enforcement Officers' Understanding and Response to Elder Abuse Summary: The purpose of this study was to explore law enforcement officers' understanding and response to elder abuse, and their role in investigating elder abuse and neglect. Participants in this study included all classifications within police departments that serve the City and the County of Los Angeles, including the Los Angeles Police Department, the Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department, and other local jurisdictions in Los Angeles. Purposive sampling and snowball sampling were utilized for this study. An online survey was administered utilizing Survey Monkey. The sample included 56 participants. The study found that the variable that had the most impact or predictability of elder abuse knowledge and application of knowledge was the increased number of elder abuse training hours. This factor had more impact than years of service in law enforcement and had more impact than level of education or any other tested factor. The majority of law enforcement officers in this sample understood when reports of abuse should be made. There were some scenarios that there was great agreement by respondents in the classifying and handling and others that did not have the same level of consistency. Additionally, the developed survey instrument that was designed specifically to represent and follow California's mandatory reporting law, and Hallie's Understanding and Response to Elder Abuse Scale had strong reliability and may be utilized for replication in other communities in California. Details: Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, 2010. 88p. Source: Master's Thesis: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2012 at http://gradworks.umi.com/1490282.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://gradworks.umi.com/1490282.pdf Shelf Number: 124571 Keywords: Elder AbusePolice Response |
Author: Anderson, Jessica Title: First-Response Police Officers Working in Single Person Patrols: A Literature Review Summary: On 9 July 2009, South Australian Police Brevet Sergeant Jeff Allen was stabbed by a parolee on the Barrier Highway near Yunta, South Australia. Brevet Sergeant Allen was working alone at the time of the incident, sparking renewed debate regarding the risks of deploying single person patrols. As a result, the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) was contracted by the Police Association of South Australia (PASA) to undertake a literature review on the issue of single person police patrols both in Australia and internationally. Instead of focusing solely on the relative advantages and disadvantages of single and two person patrols, four specific research questions were investigated: • What are the challenges faced by first-response police officers when performing their duties solo? Specifically, has the policing environment changed since solo policing was introduced? • What impact does working alone have on officers being able to successfully perform their duties? • How are decisions made to deploy single person patrols? • Are single person patrol strategies in line with community expectations? In this report, current evidence is reviewed in relation to single person patrols, including any decision-making processes used for developing policies and procedures. In addition, national and international research and policies on single person patrols and any associated risks are investigated. Information was collated from peer-reviewed journal articles, newspaper articles, coronial inquests, opinion pieces, court transcripts and personal correspondence. The AIC primarily relied on publicly available sources for information. As there was not a substantial amount of research available on the topic, police associations in Australia and overseas were invited to provide the AIC any information on the issue. In addition, members of the Australasian Libraries in the Emergency Services were also sent a request by the AIC’s JV Barry library to help the AIC locate information on the topic. The AIC also approached police commissioners in each Australian jurisdiction with a request for any information their organisation may have. The breadth of issues examined for the review meant that some areas were only generally addressed and on occasion, the information available on single person patrols did not provide enough information to answer the specific research questions. As such, many of these questions would benefit from being explored more comprehensively in future research projects. In general, most relevant Australian research is now around 20 years old and there is almost no contemporary comprehensive Australian research on the topic. Most of the literature examining single person patrols includes a comparison between one and two person patrols in relation to citizen complaints, arrests, efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, findings are often mixed and it is difficult to draw firm conclusions regarding single person patrols in Australia in relation to the key research questions. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2012. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Technical and Background Paper 49: Accessed August 11: 2012: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/1/D/E/%7B1DE58970-BA18-4756-8CEF-E76720F4D21A%7Dtbp049.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/1/D/E/%7B1DE58970-BA18-4756-8CEF-E76720F4D21A%7Dtbp049.pdf Shelf Number: 125980 Keywords: Police Patrols, Single PersonPolice ResponsePolice, First Responders |
Author: McKenna, Katharine Title: Rolling Out the Police Single Non-Emergency Number (101): Research into the Public's and Practitioners' Views Summary: In 2010, the Government set out its commitment to establish a national non-emergency police number for England and Wales which would provide a single, memorable non-emergency number for contacting the police (101). This study reviewed the extent to which the 101 service was operating as intended in some of the first forces to implement 101. The study also examined call handling of non-emergency incidents more generally, including public perceptions and expectations of how non-emergency incidents should be dealt with. Interviews with Home Office and Association of Chief Police Officers staff responsible for managing the roll out of 101 and members of staff in each police force as well as members of the public who had used the 101 service were undertaken. These were supplemented by focus groups with the public to understand wider attitudes to contacting the police. On balance the evidence from this early research suggests the 101 service was operating as intended in the first forces to implement it and that users were largely satisfied. The main recommendations from the research are to address misapprehensions amongst the public over use of 101. These misapprehensions discourage some members of the public from reporting non-emergency incidents, or lead to inappropriate use of the 999 system. Future awareness campaigns should: ●● emphasise that non-emergency call handling is done to the same level of professionalism as 999 and accurate records are made for all relevant calls made to the police; ●● clarify and give examples to the public about the circumstances where non-emergency contact with the police would be encouraged; and ●● emphasise that calling 101 will put you through to your local force. Details: London: Home Office, 2012. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2012 at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/police-research/horr66/ Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/police-research/horr66/ Shelf Number: 126682 Keywords: Emergency ProceduresPolice Calls for Services (U.K.)Police ResponsePublic Attitudes Towards the Police |
Author: Kingi, Venezia Title: Police Safety Orders Formative Evaluation. Summary Report Summary: On 1 July 2010 Police Safety Orders (PSOs) were introduced as an additional option for police officers when dealing with family violence incidents. This formative evaluation has provided encouraging preliminary findings on the implementation of this initiative. Overall, PSOs have been well received by both police and the community and are generally being executed as intended, strengthening the range of responses available to police when dealing with family violence incidents. However, some barriers to their effective implementation were noted and, accordingly, there are a few areas where improvement can be made to enhance the efficacy of this tool. Adequacy of resources, training and processes Survey respondents and police interviewees reported high levels of participation in PSO-related training that they perceived had prepared them well to issue and serve PSOs. Both forms of training were found useful (Te Puna E-learning and classroombased), but officers favoured the classroom-based style training. Police made a number of suggestions for improvements around learning processes that included refresher training for both police and court staff. There was a range of PSO-related information available to frontline officers that included the Family Violence Policy and Procedures Manual which was rated highly by officers. However, most frontline officers stated that they relied heavily on their commanding officers and the Family Violence Co-ordinator for support and information. Frontline officers had, in general, found the new processes associated with issuing and serving a PSO to be efficient. Participating support agencies rated Police Officers’ knowledge of PSOs highly. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2012. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 19, 2012 at: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/police-safety-orders-formative-evaluation-2011.pdf Year: 2012 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/police-safety-orders-formative-evaluation-2011.pdf Shelf Number: 126751 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceFamily Violence (New Zealand)Police ResponsePolice Training |
Author: Victoria. Office of Police Integrity Title: Framework and Guide for Responding to Critical Incidents or Deaths Associated with Victoria Police Contact Summary: This document sets out the framework established by the Office of Police Integrity (OPI) following the publication in June 2011 of OPI’s report Review of the investigative process following a death associated with police contact. It is based on the findings of that report and the input of the range of stakeholders who contributed to OPI’s project which resulted in the report. The framework reflects protocols established between OPI and Victoria Police which have been in operation since 2010. This document incorporates lessons learnt from OPI’s experience since that time. OPI will monitor and review police investigations into critical incidents and deaths associated with police contact, having regard to ensuring public confidence in police ethical and professional standards and building the capacity of Victoria Police to handle such matters in the future. Details: Melbourne, Victoria: Office of Police Integrity, Victoria, 2012. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 21, 2012 at http://www.opi.vic.gov.au/file.php?331 Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.opi.vic.gov.au/file.php?331 Shelf Number: 127251 Keywords: Arrest-Related Deaths (Australia)Police ResponsePolice TrainingPolice-Citizen Interactions (Australia) |
Author: Innes, Helen Title: Personal, Situational and Incidental Vulnerabilities to ASB Harm: a follow up study. Summary: This study makes a significant contribution to the evidence base around the impacts of antisocial behaviour (ASB) upon victims and „what works‟ in terms of police responses to such problems. It extends and elaborates some of the findings originally set out in 2010 in the Universities‟ Police Science Institute‟s (UPSI) report „Rethinking the Policing of Antisocial Behaviour‟ that advocated a shift towards a more victim-centred and harm-based approach. This influenced HMIC‟s „Stop the Rot‟ report of that year. In 2012 HMIC inspected all police forces to check their progress in implementing reforms based upon the findings of the 2010 work. The Inspectorate concluded that whilst progress had been made by all forces in improving their responses to ASB, opportunities for further improvement remained. Accordingly, the analysis set out herein seeks to clarify these opportunities and what police can do to better protect repeat and vulnerable victims of ASB Driven by an empirical analysis of a survey of nearly 10,000 ASB victims (the largest dataset of its kind) and HMIC police performance assessments, we focus in particular upon the concept of vulnerability. This recognises that some people and communities are more liable to being negatively impacted by ASB because they lack social, economic and psychological resilience to withstand the negative effects associated with such experiences. Informed by analysis of the data we identify three main types of vulnerability: 1. Personal vulnerability – results from an individual or group‟s characteristics, identity or status. In effect, there are certain individual characteristics that shape susceptibility to being negatively affected by a victimisation experience. For example, mental or physical health status. 2. Situational vulnerability –where the impact of any ASB is amplified by some aspect of the context in which it occurs. For example, neighbourhoods that are socially or economically stressed may be more harmed by the occurrence of ASB. Similarly, areas with low levels of social capital or high crime rates may be negatively impacted by events that, if they occurred in different circumstances, would be less influential. 3. Incidental vulnerability – our analysis demonstrates that there are certain forms of antisocial incident that are likely to induce harmful effects for victims. Most notably, this includes repeated occurrences, but also incidents perceived by victims to be personally targeted. When different combinations of vulnerability are profiled, we find differences in their prevalence and social distribution. For example, repeat and vulnerable victims are disproportionately drawn from poor socio-economic circumstances, whereas repeat, but not vulnerable, victims are not. Police forces differ from each other in the profile of their callers on characteristics of vulnerability and repeat victimisation. Health vulnerability, for example, is present in approximately 25 percent of callers in Dyfed Powys compared to 8 percent in City of London. A better knowledge of local victim profiles is therefore central to understanding the underlying nature of the ASB problem. Our analysis of victim satisfaction and its links with police performance data enable us to highlight a number of areas where there are gains to be made in meeting the needs of ASB victims. The most challenging cases are where victims are both repeat and vulnerable. The complex and ever-changing circumstances associated with ASB and the victim means that there is no substitute for inter-personal communication at the point of report. Technological „solutions‟ can identify some, but not all, vulnerable victims. All victims want to feel listened to, taken seriously, and to know what police action was taken as a result of their call. However, because some victims are more vulnerable and at risk than others, they do not all share the same „starting place‟. Whilst the needs of repeat or vulnerable victims may be generally well met by police, the repeat and vulnerable victim is most likely to „fall through the net‟. The percentage of victims who viewed their call to police as having made „no difference‟ was greater for the most acute category of repeat and vulnerable victim at 45 percent compared to 35 percent for victims who were neither repeat nor vulnerable. The identification of vulnerability and risk should prompt police to consider ‘doing more’ with the victim or ‘doing different’. This does not have to be resource-intensive; it could be offering greater reassurance, taking more time to communicate or communicating more frequently. Better police performance is unlikely to ‘drive down’ the overall volume of calls on ASB, but it can improve victim satisfaction and public reporting of this type of crime. The available evidence suggests that reductions in the number of ASB reports may not be a reliable indicator of performance improvements in this domain. In fact, somewhat counter-intuitively, better performing forces were more likely to see the public report issues to them and forces with a high public need tended to have more effective police systems in place. Our analysis suggests that area level deprivation drives call volume; in areas of high deprivation 60 percent could be classified as repeat callers of three times or more, compared with 38% in low deprivation areas. The key operational implications of our analysis are summarised in an ASB Call Template or ‘ACT’ model. This model proposes four key stages in the process from receiving an ASB call through to completed action feedback to the victim. These stages are: 1. The primary ‘inter-personal’ stage: the use of probing questions at every point of report to establish and record who, where, and why the victim is reporting. 2. The secondary ‘I.T’ stage: linking this victim information with any previous contacts, with area data or previous intelligence to add depth and context to the victim report. 3. Action Planning: identification of risk and the deployment of resources. This necessitates a degree of „tailoring‟ responses according to the needs of the victim. 4. Communicate Action: timely and appropriate feedback to the victim about what the police response was to their call with due consideration of the needs of the victim. Details: Cardiff, UK: Universities' Police Science Institute, Cardiff University, 2013. 99p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2013 at: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/media/personal-situational-and-incidental-vulnerabilities-to-anti-social-behaviour-harm-a-follow-up-study.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/media/personal-situational-and-incidental-vulnerabilities-to-anti-social-behaviour-harm-a-follow-up-study.pdf Shelf Number: 128323 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior (U.K.)Disorderly ConductIncivilitiesNuisance Behaviors and DisorderPolice ResponseVictims of Crime |
Author: Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services Title: Review of Lethality Assessment Programs (LAP) Summary: Lethality assessments are risk assessment tools that were developed to provide law enforcement and other first responders with a simple and consistent method to measure the level of danger that a victim of intimate partner domestic violence is in given their current situation. The tool consists of a standard set of questions that are asked of the victim in a specific order; the responses that the victim provides to those questions help indicate the level of danger. It is important to note that these assessments are only one of many tools used in domestic violence (DV) intervention and that a lower risk score on the assessment questions does not necessarily mean that the victim is not in serious danger. This report describes what comprises a lethality assessment program (LAP), the goals of the program and how it works. It discusses the experiences of states and localities that have lethality assessment programs in operation, and in particular, what it takes to prepare for implementation of such a program. The report also lists some of the ways that implementation of a lethality assessment program would benefit Virginia as well as some of the costs that such an effort would incur. Finally, it discusses the recommended first steps to implementing a lethality assessment program within existing or with minimal resources. Details: Richmond, VA: Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, 2013. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 16, 2014 at: http://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/research/documents/Lethality_Assess_Report_FINAL.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/research/documents/Lethality_Assess_Report_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 132470 Keywords: Domestic ViolencePolice ResponsePolice Use of ForceRisk Assessment |
Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary Title: Everyone's Business: Improving the police response to domestic abuse Summary: In September 2013, HMIC was commissioned by the Home Secretary to inspect the police response to domestic violence and abuse. The report, Everyone's business: Improving the police response to domestic abuse found that, while most forces and police and crime commissioners have said that domestic abuse is a priority for their areas, this isn't being translated into an operational reality. HMIC is concerned to find that, despite the progress made in this area over the last decade, not all police leaders are ensuring that domestic abuse is a priority in their forces - it is often a poor relation to other policing activity. Details: London: HMIC, 2014. 157p. Source: Internet Resource: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/improving-the-police-response-to-domestic-abuse.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/improving-the-police-response-to-domestic-abuse.pdf Shelf Number: 132022 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolencePolice ResponseViolence Against Women |
Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Improving the Police Response To Sexual Assault Summary: PERF's Summit on "Improving the Police Response to Sexual Assaults," was held on September 23, 2011. This conference brought together approximately 150 police executives, leaders of women's and crime victim organizations, FBI leaders and other federal officials, and others to explore weaknesses in the investigation of sexual assault crimes.At PERF's conference, police executives described several initiatives that have been undertaken to prevent improper "unfounding" of cases, including: - Conducting audits of past cases to identify improperly classified cases; - Eliminating the authority of patrol officers to determine that a case is unfounded, and requiring approval of superior officers to classify a case as unfounded; - Working with advocacy groups to improve transparency and oversight of policing handling of sexual assault cases; and - Improved training of officers regarding the dynamics of rape and how they differ from other crimes. For example, rape victims often feel shame, embarrassment, or stigma that victims of robbery or other serious crimes do not experience. Details: Washington, DC: PERF, 2012. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Critical Issues in Policing Series: Accessed July 16, 2014 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Critical_Issues_Series/improving%20the%20police%20response%20to%20sexual%20assault%202012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Critical_Issues_Series/improving%20the%20police%20response%20to%20sexual%20assault%202012.pdf Shelf Number: 130802 Keywords: Police Education and TrainingPolice InvestigationsPolice ResponseRapeSexual AssaultSexual ViolenceViolence Against Women |
Author: Messing, Jill Theresa Title: Police Departments' Use of the Lethality Assessment Program: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation Summary: Calling the police is one of the most commonly employed help seeking strategies by women in abusive relationships, though domestic violence services, safety planning and shelter are more often rated as helpful by survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) and have been shown to be more effective at reducing subsequent violence. The purpose of this quasi-experimental research was to examine the effectiveness of the Lethality Assessment Program (LAP). The LAP is a collaboration between police and social service providers consisting of 2 steps. First, a police officer responding to the scene of a domestic violence incident uses a brief 11-item risk assessment (the Lethality Screen) to identify victims at high risk of homicide. Second, women that screen in as high risk based on the Lethality Screen are put in immediate telephone contact with a collaborating social service provider who provides them with advocacy, safety planning and referral for services. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the LAP would (1) decrease rates of repeat, severe, lethal and near lethal violence and (2) increase rates of emergency safety planning and help seeking. We also examined the predictive validity of the Lethality Screen, officers' implementation of the LAP with the appropriate victims of IPV and victim satisfaction with the police response. Study participants were recruited by police officers at the scene of domestic violence incidents (index event) in 7 participating police jurisdictions in Oklahoma. A non-intervention comparison group was recruited prior to the intervention start. During the comparison group phase, 440 women participated in a structured baseline telephone interview lasting approximately 45 minutes; 342 (78%) of these women would have screened in as high danger based on their scores on the Lethality Screen and were compared to those women who received the intervention (classified as the high violence comparison group). During the intervention phase, 648 women were interviewed; 347 (53.5%) of these women were screened in as high danger and spoke with a hotline counselor (classified as the intervention group). Follow-up interviews at a median of 7 months following the baseline interview were completed with 202 participants in the intervention group (58.21%) and 212 participants in the high violence comparison group (61.99%). At follow-up, the intervention group reported a significant decrease in the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2; Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy & Sugarman, 1996) weighted frequency by severity score controlling for baseline differences between the intervention and high violence comparison groups. In addition, women in the intervention group reported using significantly more protective strategies both immediately after the index event (e.g., seeking services, removing/hiding their partner's weapons) and at follow-up (e.g. applying for and receiving an order of protection, establishing a code with family and friends). There was evidence that the Lethality Screen has considerable sensitivity (92-93%) and a high negative predictive value (93-96%) for near lethal and severe violence. However, the specificity (21%) and positive predictive value (13-21%) are low in these same analyses. During the intervention phase, the majority (61.6%) of women who screened in at high risk spoke to the domestic violence advocate on the phone, though this proportion differed by police jurisdiction and was partially dependent upon women's experiences of violence, prior engagement in protective actions and help seeking, and women's post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Finally, women who participated in the intervention were significantly more satisfied with the police response and were likely to report that the advocate was at least somewhat helpful. While additional research needs to be conducted, the LAP demonstrates promise as an evidence informed collaborative police-social service intervention that increases survivors' safety and empowers them toward decisions of self-care. Details: Unpublished Final Report to the U.S. Department of Justice, 2014. 109p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 10, 2014 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/247456.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/247456.pdf Shelf Number: 133930 Keywords: Crisis Intervention (U.S.)Domestic ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolencePolice ResponseVictims of Domestic Violence |
Author: Police Foundation Title: The Wilmington Public Safety Strategies Commission: Final Report Summary: The City of Wilmington is the largest and the most culturally and economically diverse city in Delaware. The ability of the City to grow and improve the lives of its residents depends on its ability effectively to provide public safety. The residents, employers, and civic and community leaders with whom we speak routinely cited public safety as a principal concern affecting their decisions about where to live, where to locate their business, and how to lead the City to a better future. Like many cities, Wilmington experiences a significant amount of crime, including crimes of violence, drug crimes and nuisance crimes. However, many cities across the country have experienced significant reductions in crimes in all categories in recent years - often attributed to improved policing strategies. Wilmington is not one of those cities. According to the FBI, Wilmington ranks third in violence among 450 cities of its size and sixth among all cities over 50,000. Crime in Wilmington - and particularly homicides - has reached record numbers in recent years. Over the past decade, the City of Wilmington has averaged 118 shooting victims per year, reaching a record high of 154 shootings victims in 2013. In 2014 alone, there were 127 shooting victims and 23 shooting deaths in the City. The principal questions facing the Wilmington Public Safety Strategies Commission are why the City of Wilmington has not experienced the same crime reductions enjoyed by similarly situated municipalities across the country and what Wilmington can do about that. This report offers our examination of the strategies currently being employed by the City and the WPD, and our proposal of strategies that might be employed to better address the WPD's core mission of creating a safer Wilmington. Improving public safety in Wilmington is challenging, but it is certainly not impossible. Wilmington has three built-in advantages. First and most significantly, Wilmington has a sufficiently large police force to bring appropriate resources to bear on this issue. While we make clear in this report that there are several areas of police work that deserve additional resources, and that a reorganization of some functions would assist the Department, the WPD begins this work with a force large enough to effectively patrol and fight crime in Wilmington. Second, as the Crime Analysis and CAD Incident Analysis done by Temple University's Jerry Ratcliffe, Ph.D. make clear, "[s]mall areas of the city account for a large proportion of the crime and community harm." As a result, if appropriate strategies are brought to bear on those small areas, significant reductions in crime can be obtained. Third, many people with whom we spoke in the WPD, from the leadership to rank-and-file officers, recognize that there is a need for and opportunity to change for the better. Significant cultural and organizational changes can be made only with buy-in from those tasked with the need to lead and implement those changes, and the recognition of the need for and inevitability of change was evident in many of the law enforcement professionals with whom we spoke. Generally, we found that WPD has a respond-and-react orientation and structure that focuses on resolving calls for service rather than proactively implementing crime reduction strategies. Although WPD is sufficiently staffed, the department does not deploy sufficient officers in patrol and key investigatory functions. WPD is behind other law enforcement agencies in its use of technology (some of which it already owns) to both analyze and predict crime, as well as to provide accountability of its officers as to there whereabouts and activities. The WPD's investigatory units do not solve a sufficient number of crimes - particularly homicides - and can improve its investigatory functions and victims' services. The Wilmington community appreciates the dedication and effort of the Department's officers, but some community relationships have become strained and can be improved. All of the issues identified in this report are fixable, and none is exclusive to Wilmington. Many of the building blocks for reform are already in place - a city and community that recognizes the need for change, a WPD administration that is open to new strategies, and supportive local partners. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2015. 200p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2015 at: http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/g/files/g798246/f/201504/WPSSC%20Final%20Report%203_31_15.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/g/files/g798246/f/201504/WPSSC%20Final%20Report%203_31_15.pdf Shelf Number: 135155 Keywords: Crime StatisticsGun-Related ViolenceHomicidesPolice ReformPolice ResponsePolice-Community RelationsPolicingPolicing StrategiesPublic SafetyViolent Crime |
Author: Marroushi, Nadine Title: Violence against Women in Egypt: Prospects for improving police response Summary: During celebrations for Abdel Fattah el-Sisi's victory in the presidential race in June 2014, at least nine women were violently sexually assaulted by mobs of men in Cairo's Tahrir Square. Shortly after, Sisi made a statement in which he instructed the minister of interior to "vigorously enforce the law and take all necessary measures to combat sexual harassment". Within days of the president's statement, the Ministry of Interior (MOI) announced plans to expand nationally the Violence Against Women (VAW) Unit that had been established in the Ministry in mid-2013. This paper discusses the context and the political events that led to the establishment of the VAW unit, the unit's work since 2013 and the key challenges it faces, and the deeper institutional changes that are needed. The paper concludes with recommendations to the MOI for ways to improve Egypt's policing response to violence against women. Key recommendations include committing to ongoing high-level government support to the VAW unit; ensuring all police officers are trained to deal appropriately with VAW cases; increasing the representation of women in the police force; and adopting a wider set of reforms to ensure accountability and democratic governance in the security sector. Details: London: Saferworld, 2015. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 30, 2015 at: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/904-violence-against-women-in-egypt-prospects-for-improving-police-response Year: 2015 Country: Egypt URL: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/904-violence-against-women-in-egypt-prospects-for-improving-police-response Shelf Number: 136276 Keywords: Police ResponseSexual AssaultSexual HarassmentSexual ViolenceViolence Against Women |
Author: Brooks, Oona Title: Dual reports of domestic abuse made to the police in Scotland: A summary of findings from a pilot research study Summary: This research summary highlights findings from a pilot study that used Scottish police data to undertake exploratory analysis of 'dual reports' of domestic abuse. Dual reports occur when both parties in a relationship are reported to the police as perpetrators of domestic abuse at the same time. This means that both partners are reported simultaneously as the perpetrator and the victim of domestic abuse. Dual reports present a particular challenge to both conventional understandings of domestic abuse and the police response to these offences. The pilot study examined the nature of dual report incidents, how common they are, and how the police respond to these incidents. Details: Dundee: Scottish Institute for Policing Research, School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, 2015. 5p. Source: Internet Resource: SIPR Research Summary No: 23: Accessed August 14, 2015 at: http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Research_Summary_23.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.sccjr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Research_Summary_23.pdf Shelf Number: 136411 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceFamily ViolencePolice Policies and PracticesPolice Response |
Author: Police Foundation Title: Police Under Attack: Southern California Law Enforcement Response to the Attacks by Christopher Dorner Summary: For nine days in early February 2013, like millions of Americans, was glued to news reports of a former police and naval officer who was targeting police officers and their families. It was one of the most bizarre and violent acts of vengeance against law enforcement officers this country has experienced. By the time he was finally stopped, Christopher Dorner had murdered four people and wounded several others. His threats and actions put Southern California policing agencies in an unprecedented collective state of alert - one in which both excellent and heroic police work was done and some regrettable decisions were made. This incident represents a sentinel event in American policing - one that serves as a warning of needed changes in parts of our public safety system. For the first time, a trained former police officer was hunting cops and their families, exploiting jurisdictional boundaries and using legally-acquired sophisticated, high-powered weaponry. And he did this in a highly public way that provided a template for others who may seek to terrorize this great country and target the people charged with protecting its citizens. The challenges confronting the principal law enforcement agencies in this incident were immense. It took place over a wide expanse of Southern California where more than 20 million people live, work and play. It encompassed urban, suburban and mountainous geography. It was worked in balmy weather and a freezing blizzard. It required the coordination of thousands of hard-charging police officers, sheriff's deputies, highway patrol officers and state and federal special agents. And they engaged the incident with different policies and practices, from differing organizational cultures and utilizing frequently incompatible communications systems. Bringing new advances to policing is the core of the Police Foundation's mission. Central to our research and work with police agencies is the idea that new learning - and therefore advancements - can be acquired through examining policing-involved critical incidents. This is certainly true of this incident. Reviews of incidents like this are intended to transform "lessons learned" to "lessons applied" in the hopes of enhancing the safety of officers and the public. In emphasizing this, we affix no blame to those who tried desperately to apprehend Dorner and save lives. To do so dishonors their sacrifices and diverts attention from increasing our understanding about protecting society and keeping cops safe. Covering every aspect of this very complicated incident would result in a book-length document. To keep the project manageable, we focused on the most important "lessons learned" that can be generalized to a wide range of circumstances and jurisdictions. Accordingly, we have tried to accomplish three broad goals: 1) Present the facts and our recommendations in an objective manner that respects the professionalism, dedication and heroism of the law enforcement officers involved in this incident, and honors the sacrifice of those whose lives were lost by helping prevent the injury and death of other officers or civilians in the future; 2) Highlight this as a sentinel event in which we identify underlying weaknesses in the regional public safety system, preventable errors and recommendations for avoiding similar tragic outcomes; 3) Use multi-media to provide an immersive experience to a wide breadth of readers that gives them a better understanding of the complicated nature of such events and how dangerous they are to the peace officers trying to stop highly motivated criminals. Our examination of this incident begins with the murders of Monica Quan and Keith Lawrence in Irvine, CA and concludes with the murder of Deputy Jeremiah MacKay, the wounding of Deputy Alex Collins and Dorner's suicide in the mountains of San Bernardino County. In our quest to tease out lessons which we can generalize across the nation, we did not examine every aspect of the incident. Our observations and recommendations are based on our understanding of both the many successes and the relatively few errors that occurred throughout the course of it. They are not intended for the sole use of the involved agencies, as they have each conducted their own internal reviews. Rather, they are aimed at improving American policing's response to similar critical incidents through changes in policy, practice, organizational culture and an increased understanding of the nature of preventable error. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2015. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 15, 2016 at: http://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Police-Under-Attack.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Police-Under-Attack.pdf Shelf Number: 137579 Keywords: Criminal InvestigationHomicidesLaw Enforcement ResponsePolice OfficersPolice ResponseViolent Crime |
Author: Braziel, Rick Title: A Heist Gone Bad: A Police Foundation Critical Incident Review of the Stockton Police Response to the Bank of the West Robbery and Hostage-Taking Summary: At first blush, it is easy to criticize the tactics of the Stockton Police Department (SPD) after 33 officers, at four different locations, fired more than 600 times into a getaway car carrying three bank robbers. They killed two of the bank robbers but also took the life of an innocent woman who had been held hostage. Like most things in this complicated world of ours, nothing is ever simple. Every police event is fluid. However, many other extenuating factors played a critical role in this tragic event. The police department, located 60 miles east of San Francisco, was in the midst of a bankruptcy that robbed it of 100 veteran officers while leading to a reduction in training and severely limiting the ability to purchase new equipment and technology. Some of those officers were replaced with rookies straight out of the academy. The bankruptcy also meant that the department had no air support of its own and depended upon other agencies' helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft, which were not always available to the department. The Bank of the West branch that was robbed was nestled in an unusual triangular island created by three major roads, with little room for containment or cover. A bus station nearby put other civilians at risk. The bank robbers led police on an hour-long pursuit, sometimes at speeds exceeding 120 miles per hour. Throughout the ordeal, one of the suspects fired 100-plus rounds from an AK-47 at police, disabling 14 police vehicles, including their armored BearCat. Bullets tore through cars, shattered windshields, shredded tires, and incapacitated engines. And at the conclusion, over 200 rounds were found in the getaway vehicle. The suspects twice escaped the pursuers, but rather than attempting to disappear completely, they chose to wait and ambush police officers. Miraculously, no police personnel or civilians were injured in the shootings. One hostage was shot and wounded by a suspect and dumped from the getaway SUV while another leaped out while it was fleeing, causing her to sustain major injuries. The one surviving suspect only lived because he used Misty Holt-Singh as a shield. The 41-year-old wife and mother of two, who was visiting the bank to take out money for a trip to the hairdresser, was struck ten times by police bullets, killing her instantly. Never in the history of U.S. law enforcement has a police force dealt with an event such as this. The only incident that comes close was the 1997 North Hollywood shootout in which the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers battled a pair of heavily armed bank robbers, who were covered in body armor. But there were no hostages in that event and the suspects never got mobile. Stockton Police Chief Eric Jones knew shortly after the conclusion that he needed to call for an independent review of the bank robbery last year. His staff reached out to the Police Foundation 13 days after the incident and we were grateful to accept their request. Much like our 2014 review of the event involving Christopher Dorner (who was a former police and naval officer who targeted LAPD members and their families, murdering four people), the Stockton bank robbery must be considered a sentinel event. What that entails is a critical incident that tests the nation's public safety system, exposes holes in it, and can lead to important change for the future. The Police Foundation's core mission is to advance policing. One of the ways to do that is by examining these sentinel events. Our goal is to improve protocols, identify new tactics and ideas - and ultimately, unforeseen dangers - and help prepare law enforcement for these new developments in the actions of criminals. One of the frustrations we repeatedly heard during our interviews with Stockton police officers was they were dealing with an event that they had never trained for, let alone truly considered. Even veteran SWAT members found themselves confused and vexed when dealing with a rolling pursuit with hostages, all the while taking heavy fire that repeatedly disabled their police vehicles, and each time left them worrying that one of their colleagues might be hurt or dying while they continued the chase. The goal of this review is to provide lessons learned that can then be applied in the field, increasing the safety of both law enforcement personnel and civilians. What is not a goal is to criticize or blame the men and women of the Stockton Police Department who had to make split-second choices amidst the chaos of such an unprecedented crime. They made a great many smart and courageous decisions that undoubtedly saved lives. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2015. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 22, 2016 at: http://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/A-Heist-Gone-Bad-Critical-Incident-Review.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/A-Heist-Gone-Bad-Critical-Incident-Review.pdf Shelf Number: 137647 Keywords: Bank RobberyCritical Incident ManagementHostage-TakingPolice ResponsePolice Training |
Author: U.S. Department of Justice Title: Identifying and Preventing Gender Bias in Law Enforcement Response to Sexual Assault and Domestic Violence Summary: The Department of Justice (department) is committed to assisting law enforcement agencies in their efforts to reduce sexual assault and domestic violence, and to administer justice when these crimes occur. Through the department's many partnerships with state, local, tribal and territory law enforcement agencies (collectively, law enforcement agencies or LEAs), the department has recognized that many agencies are striving to improve their response to allegations of sexual assault and domestic violence, and are seeking assistance and support for these efforts. This guidance document is intended to reflect and further the department's partnership with the police leaders, line officers and detectives who work tirelessly to ensure that policing is free from bias and to uphold the civil and human rights of the communities they serve. The department extends its appreciation to the many police leaders and experts on law enforcement responses to sexual assault and domestic violence who worked with us to develop this guidance and provided us with helpful comments and suggestions. One critical part of improving LEAs' response to allegations of sexual assault and domestic violence is identifying and preventing gender bias in policing practices. Gender bias in policing practices is a form of discrimination that may result in LEAs providing less protection to certain victims on the basis of gender, failing to respond to crimes that disproportionately harm people of a particular gender or offering reduced or less robust services due to a reliance on gender stereotypes. Gender bias, whether explicit or implicit, conscious or unconscious, may include police officers misclassifying or underreporting sexual assault or domestic violence cases, or inappropriately concluding that sexual assault cases are unfounded; failing to test sexual assault kits; interrogating rather than interviewing victims and witnesses; treating domestic violence as a family matter rather than a crime; failing to enforce protection orders; or failing to treat same-sex domestic violence as a crime. In the sexual assault and domestic violence context, if gender bias influences the initial response to or investigation of the alleged crime, it may compromise law enforcement's ability to ascertain the facts, determine whether the incident is a crime, and develop a case that supports effective prosecution and holds the perpetrator accountable. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2015. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 10, 2016 at: https://www.justice.gov/opa/file/799366/download Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.justice.gov/opa/file/799366/download Shelf Number: 138163 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceGender-Related BiasPolice Policies and PracticesPolice ResponseSexual Violence |
Author: Haberman, Cory P. Title: COPS on Dots Doing What? The Differential Effects of Police Enforcement Actions in Hot Spots Summary: Although hot spots policing has become one of the most promising policing strategies, the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of hot spots policing does not suggest what police should be doing in crime hot spots. To date - police enforcement actions, pedestrian investigations, traffic enforcement, and arrests - still dominate American policing. Yet empirical studies of these actions have not: focused on micro-geographic areas, employed multiple measures of police enforcement actions, or empirically compared the effectiveness of different enforcement actions. Given these gaps in the literature, a mixed-methods study sought to answer four research questions. (1) Do four police enforcement actions focused on offenders or potential offenders reduce violent crime in hot spots? The four police enforcement actions examined were pedestrian investigations, traffic enforcement events, quality of life arrests, and violent crime arrests. (2) Are any one of these four police enforcement actions more effective than the others? (3) When police commanders allocate resources to crime hot spots, what do police commanders think they are doing? (4) What are police commanders rationales for what they do in crime hot spots? The first two questions were answered using official data from the Philadelphia Police Department. A purposive sample of 169 high crime street blocks and intersections was drawn and longitudinal data analyses examined the effects of police enforcement actions on monthly violent crime counts from 2009 to 2013 (n = 10,140). Wald Tests were used to test for the differential effectiveness of the four enforcement actions. Qualitative methods answered the remaining two research questions. Field observations of crime strategy meetings (May, 2014 to August, 2014) and interviews with police commanders (November, 2014 to February, 2015) were conducted. The quantitative results found total enforcement and pedestrian stop levels in the previous or same month linked to higher expected monthly violent crime counts. The positive effect of pedestrian stops was significantly larger than the effects of traffic enforcement or quality of life arrests. Despite the positive relationship between police enforcement and violent crime, the qualitative results provided insight into what police commanders thought they were doing in crime hot spots. Three themes emerged from the qualitative data: (1) "locking down" crime hot spots, (2) disrupting high risk offenders, and (3) educating potential victims. Police commanders rationalized these beliefs with four explanations of their effectiveness: (1) making offenders "think twice", (2) denying potential offenders and victims certain places in order to reduce crime opportunities, (3) getting high risk offenders "off the street", and (4) target hardening. Drawing on theorizing for how police enforcement actions might actually link to higher levels of crime (Grabosky, 1996) and methodological concerns raised by Taylor (2015), five possible explanations for the observed positive relationships among police enforcement actions and violent crime are provided: (1) an anticipatory effect, (2) over-deterrence, (3) escalation, (4) unintended enticement and self-fulfilling prophecies, and (5) temporal scaling. The anticipatory effect explanation centers on the police correctly anticipating outbreaks of violent crime but violent crime still not being reduced due to (1) dosage, (2) the overuse of enforcement, (3) police legitimacy, (4) temporal displacement or two components the study's design (5) imprecise measurement and (6) lack of a proper counterfactual. Additionally, police enforcement actions may inadvertently reduce guardianship though overdeterrence, escalate competition among rival offenders, or inform potential offenders of crimes they could or "should" be committing. Finally, the study's temporal scale (i.e., months) may not be fine enough to capture the actual cycling of how increased enforcement actions produce lower violent crime levels. The qualitative data are drawn upon to possibly support these explanations. Additionally, the pros and cons of police commanders' perspectives on the use and effectiveness of enforcement actions are discussed in context of the criminological theory and crime control literatures. Finally, the results are discussed in terms of their implications for crime control theory and policy. Details: Philadelphia: Temple University, 2015. 310p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 28, 2016 at: http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/338119 Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/338119 Shelf Number: 139506 Keywords: Crime AnalysisHot SpotsPolice LegitimacyPolice ResponsePolicing Hot SpotsTarget HardeningViolent Crime |
Author: Scott, Michael S. Title: Identifying and Defining Policing Problems Summary: This Problem-Solving Tools guidebook deals with the process of identifying and defining policing problems. Under the most widely adopted police problem-solving model-the SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment) model-the process of identifying and defining policing problems is referred to as the Scanning phase. The Scanning phase is distinct fr om the Analysis phase, which principally is about explaining the problem's causes and contributing factors; the Response phase, which is about developing, selecting, and implementing new responses to the problem; and the Assessment phase, which principally is about measuring the impact that new responses had on the problem. The advice provided in this guidebook is based primarily upon theory and practice: there is no evaluative research into what methods most accurately and efficiently identify and define policing problems. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community-Oriented Policing, 2016. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Solving Tools Series Problem-Oriented Guides for Police No. 13 : Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p323-pub.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p323-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 139924 Keywords: Police ResponseProblem SolvingProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Guarin, Arlen Title: Police Stations for Instant Reaction: A Maximal Homicide Coverage Location Problem Summary: The probability of facing prison is one of the major factors that deters individuals from committing crimes. The degree of impact of this variable is affected both by the severity of penalties, and by the probability of being caught, which largely depends on the level of police coverage in the jurisdiction. Thus, we consider a maximal covering location problem where the objective is to provide maximal coverage of weighted potential homicide spots through the construction of police stations for instant reaction, subject to a budget constraint. Our empirical application is performed in Medellın (Colombia), one of the cities with the highest homicide rate in the World. Specifically , we call the Google Maps Application Programming Interface (API) to estimate average travelling time between police stations and criminal spots, then we use a Simulated Annealing algorithm to find the best feasible allocation of stations subject to a set of suggested budgets. We confirm that the maximum coverage follows a diminishing marginal process over the budget. Details: Bogota, Colombia: Banco de la Republica, 2015. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2016 at: https://repository.eafit.edu.co/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10784/8152/ArlenYahir_GuarinGaleano_2015.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Year: 2015 Country: Colombia URL: https://repository.eafit.edu.co/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10784/8152/ArlenYahir_GuarinGaleano_2015.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 140269 Keywords: Crime Hot SpotsHomicidesPolice ResponsePolice Stations |
Author: Braziel, Rick Title: Bringing Calm to Chaos: A critical incident review of the San Bernardino public safety response to the December 2, 2015 terrorist shooting incident at the Inland Regional Center Summary: In December 2015, two terrorists attacked a training session and holiday party for San Bernardino County employees, killing 14 and wounding 24 including two police officers. Further losses were averted by the response of the police department, sheriff's office, emergency services, and FBI, who came together to prevent additional deaths and injuries. This Critical Incident review provides a detailed overview of the incident response; lessons learned to improve responding agencies' policies, procedures, tactics, systems, culture, and relationships; and guidance to other agencies and first responders as they prepare for responses to terrorist, active shooter or other hostile events, and mass casualty incidents. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2016. 162p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2016 at: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Bringing-Calm-to-Chaos-Final-1.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Bringing-Calm-to-Chaos-Final-1.pdf Shelf Number: 140272 Keywords: Critical Incident ReviewPolice ResponseTerrorismTerrorists |
Author: Vigurs, Carol Title: Police Initial Responses to Domestic Abuse: A systematic review Summary: Domestic abuse is a serious and widespread problem within the UK. The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) estimates that around two million adults experienced some form of domestic abuse in the year 2014/15, with women (27%) more likely than men (13%) to have been victimised since age 16 (ONS, 2016). While many incidents of domestic abuse will go unreported to the police, for victims seeking criminal justice intervention the police are usually the first agency of contact. In 2014/15, the police service in England and Wales received, on average, over 100 domestic abuse related calls an hour and domestic abuse related crime represented 10 per cent of all recorded crime (HMIC, 2015). This demand on the police service is, initially at least, likely to increase in coming years following the introduction in December 2015 of a new offence of ‘coercive and controlling behaviour’. For the first time, abusers who continually subject victims to behaviour designed to intimidate and control them can face up to five years imprisonment. While previously there was no specific criminal offence of domestic abuse, this new offence recognises that “a repeated pattern of abuse can be more injurious and harmful than a single incident of violence” (Home Office, 2015: 3) and is intended to provide better protection for victims and hold more perpetrators to account for their behaviour. It is vital therefore, that officers who are first on scene at domestic related incidents know what actions open to them are most likely to be effective. The police have several choices following a call for service in relation to domestic abuse. First, there is the option of attending the incident or not. If both parties are present at the scene, the responding officer can then choose to separate the parties by requesting one party leaves voluntarily. If there are grounds to do so, the officer also has the option of making an arrest. Other actions a first response officer could take include offering advice and making referrals to partner agencies. This systematic review seeks to assess the evidence of effectiveness of different first response strategies to domestic violence evaluated in the international literature. The review uses systematic review methods to determine the effectiveness of different interventions as measured by criminal justice related outcomes (for example: official records of rearrests; reconvictions) or victim related outcomes (satisfaction with service; reported re-abuse). Details: UK: College of Policing, 2016. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2016 at: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/Police_initial_responses_domestic_abuse.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/Police_initial_responses_domestic_abuse.pdf Shelf Number: 140997 Keywords: Domestic Violence Family Violence Intimate Partner Violence Police ResponseViolence Against Women |
Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary Title: Missing children: who cares? The police response to missing and absent children Summary: Each year thousands of children go missing from their homes. The majority of them will return, or be found soon after they have been reported missing. There are many reasons why children go missing. On very rare occasions they may be abducted. All children who go missing are potentially at risk of harm, and a significant number, because of their circumstances, will face the risk of sexual, criminal or economic exploitation. Although not every child who goes missing is at risk of sexual exploitation and not every child who is at risk of sexual exploitation goes missing, the two are inter-linked. It is often the most vulnerable children who are sexually exploited, and who are targeted by those who intend to commit crimes against them. These children may have been abused or neglected, lack affection or have already experienced trauma in their lives. A number will be in the care of the local authority because of serious concerns about their well-being or the risks they face. Responding to missing incidents places a high demand on police time. Managing this demand is a major challenge for police forces but the consequences of not investigating cases can be extremely serious, leaving some children at risk of exploitation and/or significant harm. Effective outcomes in police responses to children at risk of abuse require specific skills and knowledge and excellent partnership working, in particular with children's social services. But more than this, effective outcomes rely on recognition, by all in the police service, that children are inherently vulnerable by virtue of their age, and that those who come into contact with police for any reason are often the most vulnerable. As the Chief Inspector of Constabulary observed in his recent State of Policing report, the work of the police in child protection is probably the most onerous and demanding of all police work, and it is the most important simply because children have the most to lose. Recent revelations about the scale of child sexual abuse, whether online or involving high-profile individuals, institutions or local communities, have presented the police with a complex challenge. Many crimes go unreported and those who are vulnerable often have greater difficulty in bringing their concerns to the attention of those who are able to help them. In its protective and preventative role, the police service has the responsibility to root out crime and the circumstances in which it may be committed, particularly where the victim is vulnerable, afraid or actively prevented from seeking help. Our inspections in relation to missing and absent children have found some good approaches with prompt action to find missing children and joint work to protect them. However, our principal finding was of inconsistencies in properly assessing risks, managing investigations, and providing support and help to the child. Consequently, our conclusion must be that this is leaving some children at unacceptable risk of harm. This report focuses on the experiences and outcomes of police contact for children who go missing. For the first time, we publish findings from HMIC-commissioned research on children's experiences of police contact. While we found clear evidence of positive experiences and outcomes for some children, we found a weighting towards negative experiences in the majority of cases. In particular, we found evidence of some police officers' negative attitudes towards missing children, which determines their responses, and in turn undermines children's confidence in the police service as a source of protection and help. These findings signal an imperative for cultural change in the police service if children and young people who run away from home or care are to have trust that the police will help them, and if the police are to be better able to afford them that protection. Details: London: HMIC, 2016. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2017 at: http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/wp-content/uploads/missing-children-who-cares.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/wp-content/uploads/missing-children-who-cares.pdf Shelf Number: 145394 Keywords: Child ProtectionMissing ChildrenMissing PersonsPolice InvestigationPolice ResponseRunaways |
Author: Mossman, Elaine Title: Evaluation of the family violence Integrated Safety Response pilot: Final report Summary: The family violence Integrated Safety Response (ISR) pilot was officially launched in Christchurch on 4 July 2016. A second pilot site (Waikato) came into operation on 25 October 2016. The ISR pilot is one element of a larger cross-agency work programme overseen by the Ministerial Group on Family Violence and Sexual Violence. Government Ministers asked the Social Policy Evaluation and Research Unit (Superu) to commission a supplier to carry out an evaluation of the ISR pilot. Superu selected a consortium of three independent evaluators Dr Elaine Mossman (sole trader), Judy Paulin (Artemis Research NZ Ltd), and Nan Wehipeihana (Research Evaluation Consultancy Ltd). This final report follows an interim report completed in November 2016 that focused on the early implementation of the ISR model in the first pilot site (Christchurch). This final report reviews emerging evidence of the effectiveness of the ISR model together with any changes in practice. It also considers the extent to which the implementation of the model has taken account of early findings from the evaluation (i.e., evidence of continuous improvement). The Christchurch pilot remains the focus of the report, but data from Waikato is included (where applicable) especially to assess the ability of the ISR model to generalise to other sites, and to consider impacts of local variations to the model. The report states that since the pilot began: Multi-agency safety plans have been developed for nearly 10,000 families, involving just under 30,000 individuals. Close to 400 of these families have been identified as high risk (4% of all plans) Every week, an average of 183 episodes of family harm are being processed through ISR in Christchurch and 209 in Waikato. The evaluators note "Operating the ISR model is resource intensive, and getting the right level of resource to meet demand has been challenging for teams at both sites." Details: Wellington, NZ: Social Policy Evaluation and Research Unit (Superu), 2017. 165p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 11, 2017 at: http://www.superu.govt.nz/sites/default/files/ISR%20Final%20Reportv2.pdf Year: 2017 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.superu.govt.nz/sites/default/files/ISR%20Final%20Reportv2.pdf Shelf Number: 147216 Keywords: Family Violence Intimate Partner Violence Police ResponseViolence Against Women |
Author: Weisburd, Sarit Title: Police Presence, Rapid Response Rates, and Crime Prevention Summary: This paper estimates the impact of police presence on crime using a unique database that tracks the exact location of Dallas Police Department patrol cars throughout 2009. To address the concern that officer location is often driven by crime, my instrument exploits police responses to calls outside of their allocated coverage beat. This variable provides a plausible shift in police presence within the abandoned beat that is driven by the police goal of minimizing response times. I found that a 10 percent decrease in police presence at that location results in a 1.2 to 2.9 percent increase in crime. These results shed light on the black box of policing and crime and suggest that routine changes in police patrol can significantly impact criminal behavior. Details: Tel Aviv University, 2016. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 17, 2017 at: https://econ.tau.ac.il/sites/economy.tau.ac.il/files/media_server/Economics/PDF/seminars%202016-17/Sarit%20Weisburd_Police%20Presence%2C%20Rapid%20Response%20Rates%2C%20and%20Crime.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://econ.tau.ac.il/sites/economy.tau.ac.il/files/media_server/Economics/PDF/seminars%202016-17/Sarit%20Weisburd_Police%20Presence%2C%20Rapid%20Response%20Rates%2C%20and%20Crime.pdf Shelf Number: 147707 Keywords: Crime PreventionDeterrencePolice EffectivenessPolice PatrolPolice Response |
Author: Santos, Roberto Title: A Quasi-Experimental Test and Examination of Police Effectiveness in Residential Burglary and Theft from Vehicle Micro-Time Hot Spots Summary: This dissertation tested, through a quasi-experimental design, whether traditional policing strategies are effective in preventing residential burglary and theft from vehicle. A new unit of analysis is examined called micro-time hot spots which are clusters of crime incidents (i.e., crime flare-ups) that occur in micro-time at micro-places. Five years of data from a large police department in the Eastern Florida metropolitan region of the United States were examined. The data were gleaned from crime analysis bulletins as well as the department's intranet system that tracked all police responses to micro-time hot spots. In the quasi-experiment, residential burglary and theft from vehicle were examined separately. The treatment and comparison groups were selected using a robust propensity score matching method. Logistic regression was used to compute the propensity scores which were subsequently matched through greedy 1 to 1 matching, without replacement, and with calipers of .05 and .10 of the standard deviation of the logit for residential burglary and theft from vehicle, respectively. Cases that fell outside the region of support were eliminated. The analysis resulted in 140 pairs - 54 residential burglary and 86 theft from vehicle. Tests of means showed that for both residential burglary and theft from vehicle, separately, there was a significant reduction in crime (p < .001). The reduction in residential burglary was 20.76 percent, for theft from vehicle, 19.65 percent, and for both together, 20.0 percent. An examination of spatial displacement of crime found that there was no spatial displacement in micro-time hot spots that received response. The multivariate analysis of the 140 micro-time hot spots with police response showed that the amount of police response and the quickness of response were significant (p < .001). The more police response and the more quickly the response was implemented, the less crime in the micro-time hot spot. Consequently, this study showed that increased police presence in micro-places of emerging concentrations of crime can lead to significant reductions in residential burglary and theft from vehicle without spatial displacement. These findings have direct implications for police practice, in that to be more effective in crime reduction, police organizations should consider responding to residential burglary and theft from vehicle hot spots of shorter temporal scales. Details: Fort Lauderdale, FL: Nova Southeastern University, 2013. 250p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed October 27, 2017 at: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1466031463?pq-origsite=gscholar Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1466031463?pq-origsite=gscholar Shelf Number: 147840 Keywords: Crime AnalysisCrime Hotspots Police EffectivenessPolice ResponseResidential BurglaryTheft from Vehicle |
Author: Ferrante, Anna Title: Police responses to child sexual abuse 2010-14: An analysis of administrative data for the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse Summary: This quantitative study was commissioned by the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (the Royal Commission) and undertaken by researchers at the Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University. The purpose of the research was two-fold. Firstly, researchers undertook a systematic statistical review of police reports relating to child sexual abuse across Australia to gain a better understanding of how police in all jurisdictions respond to and process reports of child sexual abuse. The study examined finalisation rates and methods of finalisation, using police administrative data from each of the eight Australian jurisdictions. For each jurisdiction, the study: - identified how many reported cases were finalised by police - determined how these cases were finalised (how many proceeded to court) - estimated the time taken to report, record and finalise reports of child sexual abuse (median days). Secondly, researchers undertook a more detailed statistical analysis of the extent and nature of child-to-child sexual abuse reported to police. This part of the study determined: - the prevalence in each Australian state and territory - the nature, including the demographic breakdown of alleged victims and offenders (gender, age and Indigenous status where available), location of incidents (institutional settings and other locations) and severity of alleged offences - police finalisation status (within 180 days of reporting) and finalisation methods - trends in the reporting of child-to-child cases over time (from 2010 to 2014). Details: Sydney: Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, 2017. 166p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 19, 2018 at: https://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/file-list/research_report_-_police_responses_to_child_sexual_abuse_2010-14_-_government_responses.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Australia URL: https://www.childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au/sites/default/files/file-list/research_report_-_police_responses_to_child_sexual_abuse_2010-14_-_government_responses.pdf Shelf Number: 148876 Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Child Sexual Abuse Police Response |
Author: Robinson, Amanda Title: Establishing the efficacy of a telephone-based police response to domestic violence: Hampshire Constabulary's Resolution Centre. [Technical Report]. Summary: Capitalising on a natural experiment in Hampshire Constabulary, this research utilised police officially recorded data to directly compare a sample of grade-3 domestic abuse incidents that received a telephone-based response from the force's Resolution Centre to a similar sample of incidents dealt with by the same force one year later that received the standard provision of 'slow time' deployment. A clear pattern of findings emerged, which taken together demonstrate the efficacy of providing a telephone-based response to certain types of domestic abuse incidents. Specifically, a detailed and formalised operations protocol has been embedded into the work of the Resolution Centre and all evidence suggests this is leading to a higher quality response overall to grade-3 domestics. The initial response provided by the Resolution Centre results in more crimes being recorded and more investigations that result in formal police action. The practice of risk assessment appears to be more comprehensive and detailed, generating a higher number of disclosures and more cases classified as 'medium' and 'high' risk. Due to the robust methodological approach of the research, these positive findings can be directly attributed to the setting where the police work was performed, rather than any differences in case characteristics. Details: Cardiff: Cardiff University, 2017. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/107133/1/Robinson%20%282017%29%20Hampshire%20Resolution%20Centre_Final%20Report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/107133/1/Robinson%20%282017%29%20Hampshire%20Resolution%20Centre_Final%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 151664 Keywords: Domestic AbuseDomestic ViolenceFamily ViolencePolice Policies and ProceduresPolice ResponseRisk Assessment |
Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire and Rescue Services Title: Understanding the difference: The initial police response to hate crime Summary: Crimes motivated by hate can have an intense, enduring and sometimes devastating effect on victims and communities. It is particularly distressing to be a victim of crime because of who you are or what you believe. In 2016, the former Home Secretary commissioned HMICFRS to to carry out an inspection of police forces' understanding of, and response to, hate crime of all types. Based on the findings from an initial scoping study, HMICFRS carried out an inspection into the following areas: how forces raise awareness of hate crime in their communities; initial call handling; crime and incident recording, including the use of hate crime and online flags; how forces use problem profiles to help identify trends and patterns of offending and victimisation; the risk assessments that forces carry out to determine the response and ongoing support to the victim, and the risk management that follows; and the police response to reports of hate crime; and the system for referrals to victim support services. This report sets out the findings from this inspection. Details: London: HMICFRS, 2018. 117p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 7, 2018 at: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wp-content/uploads/understanding-the-difference-the-initial-police-response-to-hate-crime.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wp-content/uploads/understanding-the-difference-the-initial-police-response-to-hate-crime.pdf Shelf Number: 151034 Keywords: Bias-Motivated Crime Discrimination Hate Crimes Police Effectiveness Police ResponseRacism |
Author: Prusak, Katarzyna Title: Policing Domestic Abuse in Scotland: A Social Constructionist Approach Summary: This research summary highlights findings from a Master's research project that examined the origins and consequences of a specific crime control strategy in Scotland, namely the use of pro-arrest policies with relation to domestic abuse incidents. The researcher conducted interviews with 10 police officers in 2015-2016 and the narrative evidence supports findings of other studies on mandatory and presumptive arrest policies that suggest that those policies may be more harmful than beneficial. Of particular concern is the use of detention and arrest in cases where there is not enough evidence that a crime has been committed or in cases that may involve false allegations, as well as the potential for those policies to disempower victims and have the unintended effect of reducing reporting. The interviews also appear to substantiate the criticism that the application of a broad definition of domestic abuse leads to an intrusive policing of the private lives of an increasing number of individuals, even minors. Importantly, the net-widening effect of a broad definition of domestic abuse as well as an indiscriminate arrest policy result in system overload and, consequently, in the limited resources being directed away from those victims of domestic abuse that need them most. Details: Edinburgh: Scottish Institute for Policing Research, 2018. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: SIPR Research Summary No. 29: Accessed October 10, 2018 at: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/Plugin/Publications/assets/files/Research%20Summary_29.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/Plugin/Publications/assets/files/Research%20Summary_29.pdf Shelf Number: 152892 Keywords: Domestic Violence Family Violence Interpersonal Violence Police ResponsePolicing Domestic Violence |
Author: Skidmore, Michael Title: More than Just a Number: Improving the Police Response to Victims of Fraud Summary: INTRODUCTION Fraud is estimated to make up 31 per cent of all crime in England and Wales, with 3.24 million fraud offences estimated to have taken place in the twelve months to March 2018. Research has found that 45 per cent of fraud victims felt that the financial loss they experienced had an impact on their emotional wellbeing and 37 per cent reported a significant psychological or emotional impact. Despite the scale and impact of the problem, it is widely agreed among policymakers, academics and law enforcement officials that fraud and the harms it causes are not prioritised by the police. This study is intended as a response to this imbalance between the scale and impact of fraud and the response it receives from policing. Its aim is to achieve a better understanding of the police response to fraud, to consider how appropriate this is and to suggest how policy and practice could be improved. To achieve this aim, the research set out to answer the following questions: - How is the police response to fraud organised across national, regional and local agencies? - How do police forces and partner agencies prioritise fraud? - Who is affected by fraud and what support is available to them? - How do the various organisations and agencies work together to respond to fraud and what roles and powers do they have to achieve this? - What impact has the internet had on the nature and volume of fraud? - What is being done to protect victims and identify vulnerability in local areas? - What determines whether the response to fraud is effective or not and what are the barriers to this? - Are there examples of emerging good practice which, if replicated, would improve the overall effectiveness of the response to fraud? In order to gain a full understanding of the subject, the research looked at the fraud response from both a local and national perspective. The majority of the locally based research was conducted in three police force areas - Avon and Somerset, Kent and Essex. Work included interviews with local practitioners, analysis of local data sets and a survey of the local police workforce. The research also included interviews with regional and national stakeholders, a survey of fraud leads across police forces across England and Wales and analysis of national fraud data sets. Details: London, UK: The Police Foundation, 2018. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 16, 2019 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/publication/more-than-just-a-number-improving-the-police-response-to-victims-of-fraud/ Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/more_than_just_a_number_exec_summary.pdf Shelf Number: 154180 Keywords: EnglandFinancial LossFraudLaw EnforcementPolice ResponsePolicing |
Author: Jannetta, Jesse Title: Procedural Justice in Homicide and Shooting Scene Response: Executive Summary Summary: This document summarizes findings from the literature review, practice review, and interviews conducted in Oakland by the Urban Institute (Urban) and the Urban Peace Institute (UPI) under the "Oakland Procedural Justice Principles for Police Officers" cooperative agreement with the City of Oakland. The work under this cooperative agreement is intended to inform Oakland's efforts to improve policies and practices related to the police department's management, response, and activities at shooting and homicide scenes, and to develop and implement procedural justice and related trainings for proactive and investigative police units. This document draws upon and synthesizes findings presented in more detail in documents devoted to the literature, practice review, and interviews conducted by our team. It presents findings on common issues, promising practices, and possible operational approaches to improving responses to shooting and homicide scenes in Oakland, organized by the four components of procedural justice. It then presents guiding principles for efforts to improve responses to homicide and shooting scenes using a procedural justice framework. Police play a critical role in reducing community violence, but their legitimacy can be undermined by a lack of community trust, particularly in high crime communities where intervention is needed most. Mistrust of law enforcement is especially acute among young men of color, especially those living in neighborhoods afflicted by crime and disorder associated with gang activity (Kennedy 2009; Liberman and Fontaine 2015). The absence of trust reduces the public's willingness to report crime, engage with law enforcement on crime control efforts, and abide by the law, since trust is a fundamental component of police legitimacy (Bradford et al. 2014; Tyler and Jackson 2014; Resig and Lloyd 2009; Sunshine and Tyler 2003). Because the investigative process relies heavily on key witnesses from the community, it is important that detectives engage in practices that are geared at maintaining legitimacy and cultivating trust. Procedural justice provides an operational framework for building police legitimacy and repairing relationships in communities affected by gun violence. Findings from a broad array of studies find a statistically significant relationship between procedural justice and police legitimacy, and that procedural justice carries greater weight than other variables (Hinds and Murphy 2007; Murphy 2005; Tyler 2003; Tyler and Fagan 2008). There is less evidence that shows that officers can deliberately create more legitimacy by being procedurally just. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2019. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2019 at: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99611/procedural_justice_in_homicide_and_shooting_scene_response_executive_summary_0.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99611/procedural_justice_in_homicide_and_shooting_scene_response_executive_summary_0.pdf Shelf Number: 154505 Keywords: Crime ScenesCriminal InvestigationsGun ViolenceHomicidesPolice ResponsePolice-Citizen InteractionsProcedural Justice |
Author: Ofer, Nogah Title: Super-complaint : Police failure to use protective measures in cases involving violence against women and girls Summary: Centre for Women's Justice (CWJ) is a charity established in 2016 with the purpose of holding the state to account on its response to violence against women and girls (VAWG). Our Director, Harriet Wistrich, and our two solicitors, are specialists in civil claims against public authorities and public law. In addition to conducting our own strategic litigation we provide training to frontline organisations in the women's sector on failures around VAWG in the criminal justice system and the legal remedies available to address them. We also provide legal advice to frontline organisations and members of the public in individual cases involving policing and prosecution of VAWG. This super-complaint draws together failures by the police to utilise four separate legal protections that exist for the benefit of vulnerable people experiencing domestic abuse, sexual violence, harassment and stalking, the overwhelming majority of whom are women and girls. Whilst we analyse the circumstances surrounding each of these legal powers, it is important to appreciate the cumulative effect of these widespread failings, which together amount to a systemic failure on the part of the state to provide protection for some of the most vulnerable people in our society. Use of these powers can prevent serious harm and a lack of response by police creates impunity, with perpetrators perceiving that there are no repercussions for their actions, and survivors perceiving that nothing happens when policing action is sought and that it is not worth reporting to police. This systemic failure persists despite the Government's avowed determination to address VAWG, since, as Home Secretary, Theresa May launched a Call to End Violence Against Women and Girls in 2010. It also persists some five years after HM Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMICFRS) published its first thematic report on the policing of domestic abuse in 2014, with subsequent regular progress reports, the latest published only last month. The police service as a whole adopted a "positive action" approach to VAWG in 2008 , yet that has not been reflected in practice on the ground, as identified by HMICFRS in its reports. One in five women killed by a current or former partner in 2017-2018 had been in contact with the police . It appears from the evidence reported by frontline women's services, that lack of protection for women is on the increase, partly resulting from a lack of understanding of abuse by police officers so that available powers are not properly utilised, and partly due to under-resourcing of police forces. We shall consider these factors in more detail below. Not only is there a political and policy failure by the state to effectively tackle a social ill acknowledged to be of epidemic proportions (see statistics at page 9 below) but also a failure to meet the state's legal duties under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Our legal analysis below sets out the law around the state's positive obligations to protect the right to life (Article 2), prevent inhuman and degrading treatment (Article 3) and enforce respect for private and family life (Article 8). When the policing of VAWG is compared to that of other crime types, these breaches are clearly discriminatory, impacting disproportionately on women and girls (Article 14). We are concerned that the real hurdles to effective action to protect women from violence, abuse and coercion are not being tackled, and that despite the efforts devoted to it, the Domestic Abuse Bill will not produce the desired protection. The problems we see are not a lack of legal powers or a need for broad legislative change (though some changes in the law are identified in this super-complaint) but a failure to utilise existing legal powers. This seems to be due to the low priority accorded to VAWG, lack of training and effective supervision, a failure to apply deterrent sanctions on officers who disregard these duties, and chronic under-funding of frontline policing of VAWG. There seems little purpose in adding a Domestic Violence Protection Order to the statute books to lie unused, when similar existing orders are not being utilised. Outline of this report -- The four protective measures addressed in this super-complaint are: 1. Failure to impose bail conditions: a. Where suspects are interviewed following voluntary attendance and bail cannot be used; b. Where suspects are interviewed under arrest, release under investigation without bail, or release on bail without bail conditions; c. Where bail is not extended beyond 28 days 2. Failure to arrest for breach of non-molestation orders; 3. Failure to utilise Domestic Violence Protection Notices and Domestic Violence Protection Orders; 4. Failure to apply for restraining orders at conclusion of criminal proceedings; We shall briefly outline the wider picture on policing of VAWG, and then examine each of the four protective measures separately, and for each consider: - The view from the frontline - Information from other sources (where available) - The response of oversight bodies - CWJ's analysis and recommendations for action. Details: London: Centre for Women's Justice, 2019. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 2, 2019 at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5aa98420f2e6b1ba0c874e42/t/5c91f55c9b747a252efe260c/1553069406371/Super-complaint+report.FINAL.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5aa98420f2e6b1ba0c874e42/t/5c91f55c9b747a252efe260c/1553069406371/Super-complaint+report.FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 155615 Keywords: Domestic ViolencePolice ResponsePolicing Domestic AbuseProtection OrdersRestraining OrdersViolence Against Women, Girls |